Harsh Punishment Backfires in Prison, Researcher Says

Currently, the U.S. leads the world in the rate of incarceration. The current numbers show that 612 people per 100,000 residents age 18 or older are imprisoned.   According to some criminal justice experts, the current prison system puts too much emphasis on harsh punishment and not enough on rehabilitation and it simply does not work. The current system only provides a breeding ground for more aggressive and violent behavior, according to Joel Dvoskin, PhD of the University of Arizona and author of Applying Social Science to Reduce Violent Offending. Aggression Breeds Aggression Prison environments are replete with aggressive behaviors, and people learn from watching others acting aggressively to get what they want, Dvoskin said. It is his belief that behavior modification and social learning principles can work inside prison just as they do outside. Certainty vs. Severity of Punishment In criminological research performed by Valerie Wright, Ph.D., Research Analyst at The Sentencing Project, it was determined that certainty of punishment, rather than the severity of punishment is more likely to deter criminal behavior. For example, if a city announces that police will be out in force looking for drunk drivers during a holiday weekend, it would likely increase the number of people who decide not to risk drinking and driving. Severity of punishment attempts to scare potential criminals because the punishment that they could receive is not worth the risk. This is the bases behind why states have adopted the tough policies such as Three Strikes.   The concept behind severe punishments assumes that the criminal is rational enough to weigh out the consequences before committing the crime.   However, as Wright points out, since half of the criminals that are locked up in U.S. prisons were drunk or high on drugs at the time of the offense, it is unlikely that they had the mental capacity to logically asses the consequences of their actions. Unfortunately, because of a shortage of police per capita and prison overcrowding, most crimes do not result in arrest or criminal incarceration. Clearly, enhancing the severity of punishment will have little impact on people who do not believe they will be apprehended for their actions. says Wright. Do Longer Sentences Improve Public Safety? Studies have shown that longer sentences result in higher rates of recidivism. According to Wright, accumulated data of 50 studies going back as far as 1958 on a total of 336,052 offenders with various criminal offenses and background showed the following: Offenders who averaged 30 months in prison had a recidivism rate of 29 percent. Offenders who averaged 12.9 months in prison had a recidivism rate of 26 percent. The Bureau of Justice Statistics did a study tracking 404,638 prisoners in 30 states after their release from prison in 2005. The researchers found that: Within three years of release, about two-thirds (67.8 percent) of released prisoners were rearrested.Within five years of release, about three-quarters (76.6 percent) of released prisoners were rearrested.Of those prisoners who were rearrested, more than half (56.7 percent) were arrested by the end of the first year. The research team theorizes that although offender services and programs may have a direct effect on desistance, individuals must decide independently to transform themselves into ex-offenders. However, the numbers do support Wrights argument that longer sentences result in higher rates of recidivism. Reaccessing the Economics of Current Crime Policies Both Wright and Dvoskin agree that the current money spent on incarceration has drained valuable resources and has not been effective in making communities safer. Wright points to a study done in 2006 that compared the cost of community drug treatment programs vs. the cost of incarcerating drug offenders. According to the study, a dollar spent on treatment in prison yields about six dollars of savings, whereas a dollar spent in community-based treatment yields nearly $20 in costs savings. Wright estimates that a savings $16.9 billion annually could be saved by a 50 percent reduction in the number of incarcerated non-violent offenders. Dvoskin feels that the rising prison population with the corresponding lack of increase in prison staff has reduced the ability of prison systems to supervise work programs that allow prisoners to build skills.   This makes it very hard to re-enter into the civilian world and increases the likelihood of going back to prison, Dvoskin said. Therefore, the priority should be placed on decreasing prison populations, he said: This can be done by paying more attention to those with the highest risk of violent behavior rather than focusing on lesser crimes, such as minor drug offenses. Conclusion By reducing the number of non-violent prisoners, it would free up the necessary money to invest in detecting criminal behavior which would increase the certainty of punishment and also allow for more effective programs that could help in reducing recidivism. Source: Workshop: Using Social Science to Prevent Violent Crime, Joel A. Dvoskin, PhD, University of Arizona College of Medicine Saturday, Aug. 8, Metro Toronto Convention Centre. Deterrence in Criminal Justice, Valerie Wright, Ph.D., The Sentencing Project.

Evaluation Of Schizophrenia As A Systemic Disorder

Regarding Schizophrenia Patients Assessment of schizophrenia in a clinical setting has been limited for decades by the accepted conceptual model that psychological symptoms are the main problem rather than a holistic viewpoint. Schizophrenia is a multifaceted disorder that expresses systematically, not just locally to the brain in the form of psychosis (Kirkpatrick, Miller, Garcà ­a-Rizo, Fernandez-Egea, 2014). In order to evaluate the inconsistency with the standard model, a review of schizophrenia, how to clinically address the disorder as a systemic condition, and the important factors to convey to the patient and their family about symptom treatment will be presented. Schizophrenia as a Systemic Disorder In order to understand how one should assess patients for schizophrenia, it is important to understand the causes of the disorder as well as the symptoms that might present during the assessment. Schizophrenia is a disorder that affects about 1% of the population. It can be caused by inherited genetic traits or environmental stressors, and it is inherently difficult to track the exact cause of the disorder. Recently, a study by Lee et al. has estimated that 23% of the variation in susceptibility to schizophrenia can be captured by single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 2,725 genes expressed in the central nervous system (Lee et al., 2012). Many environmental stressors can trigger schizophrenia if the patient is genetically predisposed to theShow MoreRelatedEssay Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1200 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to author Kendra Cherry, â€Å"professional counseling is an application of mental health, psychological or developmen t principles, through cognitive, affective, behavioral or systemic intervention strategies, that address wellness, personal growth, or career development† (Cherry - Paraphrase). Many counselors specialize in specific forms of therapy. Generally, counselors who focus on specific types of counseling methods usually require advanced knowledge in the specific field. Counseling canRead MoreAn Evaluation Will Be Deducted On The Health Inequalities Among Australians1689 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout this essay an evaluation will be deducted on the health inequalities among Australians. Secondly, a further evaluation to appraise and identify the causes, scope and impact on the health and well-being of [the] individual (s), families and community. Thirdly, describe the paradigms and accountabilities that Government and non-Government Organisations [NGO] assume across community services and health sectors to improve the health and wellbeing of Australians. 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Internet of Things in Education Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Internet of Things in Education. Answer: Internet of Things in Education The Internet of Things or IoT is the interconnection of networking between several physical devices, buildings, vehicles with several items that enabled with network connectivity. Internet of Things has entered in every field including education sector. The schools, colleges, universities have a great impact by the greater utilization of Internet connected devices. The students and teachers are able to collaborate with each other more precisely and are able to share their views and thoughts easily. The main advantages of Internet of Things in education sector are the global networking within the teachers and students, easy collection and analysis of data, enhancement of textbooks, ability to use radio frequency identification chips, safe education campus, management of education sector more efficiently and fast learning. In spite of having so many advantages, Internet of Things in education does have some disadvantages that make it problematic. The main disadvantage is the security o r privacy. There is a high chance of encryption of all information in IoT. Students may leak the confidential information of the schools or colleges including examination question papers. Another disadvantage is the complexity. Some of the students may not feel accustomed with the system. There are four elements of IoT architecture. They are sensing, communication, cloud based capture and consolidation and delivery of information. IoT would be taking the entire future and thus it is extremely important for the education sector.

ERP Failures Stressing on Reluctance †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the ERP Failures Stressing on Reluctance. Answer: Introduction The chaos reports on IT project failure for last few years are analyzed in order to understand the problems associated with the failed projects. Success of a project depends on many variable, similarly there are different reasons behind failure of a project. Going through the chaos reports of project failure helps in analyzing the different risks associated with a project, which further helps in identifying the risk mitigation approaches for similar projects in future (Hussain Mkpojiogu, 2016). For example, the ERP implementation project of Hershey, that failed due to improper project planning and project schedule. The findings of the chaos report from Standish group are elaborated in the following paragraphs. The chaos report by Standish groups identifies the scope of the software project failures, the major factors associated with a project and the process by which the project failures can be reduced. According to a report of Standish group, it is found out that almost 52.7% of the projects costs 189% of their original estimates while 31.1% of the projects are generally cancelled before their completion (The Standish Group Report, 2014). The main reason of cost overruns in the project is improper measurement and project planning. The research further show that in the year 2012, only 32% of all the project that is included in the Standish group chaos report succeeded or is delivered on time. In 2012, 18% of the project failed because it was cancelled before its completion. Another major cause of cost overruns in the projects is restart of the project as according to the Standish reports, with every 100 project, there are almost 94 restart. This however, does not imply that 94 individual p rojects will have a single restart. Some projects can have several restart and therefore the result is so drastic (Marques et al., 2013). Say for example, the project of California Department of Motor Vehicles that failed had many restarts. Apart from cost overruns, time overruns is a major cause of project failure. On an overage, the average time overruns is almost 222% of the original time estimate in failed projects. Content deficiency is another major cause of the project chaos and failure. Large companies generally have worst record as only 42% of the content functions in the end product (Oakes, 2016). Therefore improper specifications of the project functions is a major reason of chaos hat is faced in IT projects. In order to understand the reason why projects fail, the Standish group surveyed different IT executive mangers in understanding the reasons why project succeed. One of the major requirements of project success is proper planning. Cost and time overruns in the projects are faced mainly because of improper project planning. Furthermore, it is essential to set realistic expectations as well. The Hershey ERP implementation project failed mainly because of unrealistic expectation of completing the project in a much constricted time (Ghosh, 2012). The findings of the chaos report by Standish group are elaborated in the following section. In 1987, the IT project of California Department of Motor Vehicles failed because of poor planning, improper project designing and unclear objectives. While in the year 1994, the project of American Airlines failed sue to improper requirements analysis and lack of user involvement in the project. The project associated with the reservation system of Hyatt hotels failed because it was running ahead of schedule and under budget. On the other hand the project of Banco Itamarati failed as the project had no clear vision and documented specific objectives of the project. Therefore, it is found that improper planning and estimation plays a major role behind a project failure (Kerzner Kerzner, 2017). Conclusion The report analyzes the different data collected from the researches of Standish group on IT disaster and project failure. The report highlights the main reasons of project failure and cites some example of some famous projects that failed to implement according to the project plan. Having a clear vision about the project is an essential criterion of project success. Similarly setting up of a realistic expectation is needed as well. References Ghosh, R. (2012). A comprehensive study on ERP failures stressing on reluctance to change as a cause of failure.Journal of Marketing and Management,3(1), 123. Hussain, A., Mkpojiogu, E. O. (2016, August). Requirements: Towards an understanding on why software projects fail. InAIP Conference Proceedings(Vol. 1761, No. 1, p. 020046). AIP Publishing. Kerzner, H., Kerzner, H. R. (2017). Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Marques, A., Varajo, J., Sousa, J., Peres, E. (2013). Project Management Success ICE modela work in progress.Procedia Technology,9, 910-914. Oakes, G. (2016).Project reviews, assurance and governance. Gower. The Standish Group Report. (2014). Retrieved from